Eritrea–Ethiopia border

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View from the Debre Damo monastery in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The international border with Eritrea passes along the mountain.

The Eritrea–Ethiopia border encompasses a roughly 1,033 km (641.9 mi) boundary between the two states. The borders are the Afar and Tigray regions of Ethiopia.

History

Creation

Further information: Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889, First Italo-Ethiopian War, and Treaty of Addis Ababa
See also: Scramble for Africa and Second Italo-Ethiopian War
Map of the frontier between Italian Eritrea and the Ethiopian Empire. (1900)

The creation of the modern border of Ethiopia and Eritrea is rooted in the late 19th century, when the Italian shipping company claimed the northern end of Assab Bay in March 1870.[citation needed] The area was settled by the Ottoman Empire and Egypt and the Italians were introduced to the area in 1880. Under Emperor Yohannes IV, the Hewett Treaty was signed between the British Empire and Ethiopia to freely access the Massawa coast to Ethiopia in an exchange to evacuate garrisons from Sudan, during the Mahdist War.[1][2]

After the death of Yohannes, Italian General Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along with the Eritrean coast, and proclaimed Eritrea as one of Italy's colonies.[3][4] On 2 May 1889, the Treaty of Wuchale was signed between Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II and Italy that recognized the formation of Italian Eritrea.[5] However, the Article 17 contradicted each version of Amharic and Italian languages, as well as the Italian ambition to incorporate Ethiopia as protectorate of Italy, while the Amharic version granted Ethiopia greater autonomy. This resulted in the First Italo-Ethiopian War, a war in which Ethiopia won against Italian forces, and ended with the Treaty of Addis Ababa in 1896. The Italians took territories beyond the Mareb-Belessa and May/Muni rivers while Menelik absorbed Tigray Province.[6]

Cold War

Main articles: Eritrean War of Independence and Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea

After the Italian occupation of Ethiopia and the Second World War, there was considerable dispute about the status of Eritrea. After the Italian communist victory over the 1946 Italian election, they wished it to be returned to Ethiopia and the Soviet Union also had a similar idea, despite fruitless diplomatic efforts. In 1952, the United Nations declared Eritrea to be one of the Ethiopian Provinces under Emperor Haile Selassie, and federated with Ethiopia, resulting in the Eritrean War of Independence among a few armed separatist movements, such as the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) formed in 1958. In the 1960s and 1970s, the armed movement of Eritrea continued offensive tactics towards the Ethiopian government until the 1974 coup d'état against Emperor Haile Selassie. In February 1980, the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) declared war on the ELF, after which the ELF had a secret negotiation with the Soviet Union.[7]

Map of Eritrea and Ethiopia

Eritrean–Ethiopian War

Main articles: Eritrean–Ethiopian War and Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict

Under the Ethiopian Transitional Government, Eritrea seceded from Ethiopia following a UN-sponsored referendum in 1993, this resulted in a 99.81% voting for independence.[8] On 4 May 1993, Eritrea was officially recognized as a state. In late 1997, there was a skirmish between their borders. A border conflict was ignited no less than some months between Eritrea and Ethiopia in Badme after the Eritrean mechanized force penetrated the town, and fighting continued between Tigrayan militia and the security police.[9] An Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission was founded to ensure territorial claims under UN Charter Article 51.[10][11] At the end of the war, Ethiopia occupied about a quarter of Eritrean territory.

Under the premiership of Abiy Ahmed, the two countries restored their relations which led to the 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia Summit on 9 July.[12][13][14] In this summit, Ethiopia stated that Badme would cede to Eritrea and announced the resumption of their diplomatic relations.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Ethiopia-Eritrea Border Conflict and the Role of the International Community". ACCORD. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  2. ^ Henze, Paul B. (2000). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-522-0.
  3. ^ Ryan, Eileen (18 January 2018). Religion as Resistance: Negotiating Authority in Italian Libya. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–35. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190673796.001.0001. ISBN 9780190673826.
  4. ^ "Celebrating Eritrea's Independence Day, 24 May". blackottawascene.com. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  5. ^ "Delimitation of the Border (Eritrea-Ethiopia)" (PDF). 23 September 2022.
  6. ^ "Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 is signed | South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  7. ^ "The Eritrean Liberation Front - Eritrea Hub" (PDF). 23 September 2022.
  8. ^ "Eritrea won recognition in 1993 through" (PDF). 23 September 2022.
  9. ^ "Ethiopia and Eritrea : The Quest for Peace and Normalization". 23 September 2022.
  10. ^ Gray, Christine (1 September 2006). "The Eritrea/Ethiopia Claims Commission Oversteps Its Boundaries: A Partial Award?". Oxford Academic.
  11. ^ "Final Award - Ethiopia's Damages Claims - Office of Legal Affairs" (PDF). 23 September 2022.
  12. ^ "After making peace, Ethiopia and Eritrea now focus on development". Africa Renewal. 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  13. ^ "Leaders of Ethiopia, Eritrea sign accord in Saudi Arabia". AP NEWS. 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  14. ^ Zere, Abraham T. "Eritreans are happy about peace and wary of Isaias' promises". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  15. ^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Ethiopia/ Eritrea – Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship (09.07.18)". France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
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