D-IX
D-IX is a methamphetamine-based experimental performance enhancer developed by Nazi Germany in 1944 for military application.[1][2] The researcher who rediscovered this project, Wolf Kemper, said, "the aim was to use D-IX to redefine the limits of human endurance."[3] One dose contained 5 mg oxycodone (brand name Eukodal, an analgesic opioid), 5 mg cocaine, and 3 mg methamphetamine (brand name Pervitin).[4]
German doctors were enthusiastic about the results, and planned to supply all German troops with the pills, but the war ended before D-IX could be put into mass production, though it did see limited use among a handful of Neger and Biber pilots.[5]
History
Due to increased Allied pressure on the German war effort, Nazi Germany had grown desperate for more soldiers to continue the war effort, and one way to mitigate the massive losses was to increase the combative power of existing Wehrmacht soldiers. Though simpler drugs, such as Pervitin and Isophan, helped to keep soldiers stimulated, in March 1944, Vice Admiral Hellmuth Heye requested a drug that could also give users superhuman strength and a boosted sense of self-esteem.
Pharmacologist Gerhard Orzechowski, and a group of other researchers, were commissioned to develop the drug in Kiel, and by later that year, had developed a formula that contained, in each tablet, 5 mg of oxycodone (brand name Eukodal), 5 mg of cocaine, and 3 mg of methamphetamine (then called Pervitin, now available under the brand name Desoxyn).[5]
Nazi researchers found that equipment-laden prisoners from the Sachsenhausen concentration camp could march for up to 90 kilometres (55 mi) a day without rest, while carrying a 20-kilogram (45 lb) backpack.[3]
See also
References
- ^ Mangesh & Jason (17 November 2007). Peled, Asaf; Weiss, Sharon (eds.). "Armies Hopped Up on Drugs". Mental Floss. Minute Media (Pro Sportority (Israel) Ltd). ISSN 1543-4702. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015.
- ^ Ulrich, Andreas (6 May 2005). "Hitler's Drugged Soldiers". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
- ^ a b Vasagar, Jeevan (19 November 2002). Rusbridger, Alan (ed.). "Nazis tested cocaine on camp inmates". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ "Intoxicated into battle". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
- ^ a b Paterson, Lawrence (2006). Weapons of Desperation: German Frogmen and Midget Submarines of World War II. Chatham Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-86176-279-5.
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