Chief Justice of the Philippines

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Chief Justice of the Philippines
Punong Mahistrado ng Pilipinas
Seal of the Supreme Court
Flag of the Supreme Court
Incumbent
Alexander Gesmundo
since April 5, 2021
StyleThe Honourable (formal)
Your Honour (when addressed directly in court)
Member of
AppointerPresidential appointment upon nomination by the Judicial and Bar Council
Term lengthRetirement at the age of 70
Inaugural holder
  • 1583 - Dr. Santiago de Vera y Rivas, Captain-General of the Spanish East Indies (Real Audiencia, Spanish East Indies)
  • 1901 - Cayetano Arellano (Supreme Court of the Philippines)
FormationJune 11, 1901
WebsiteOfficial Website

The chief justice of the Philippines (Filipino: Punong Mahistrado ng Pilipinas) presides over the Supreme Court and is the highest judicial officer of the government of the Philippines. As of April 5, 2021, the position is currently held by Alexander Gesmundo, who was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte following the early retirement of his predecessor, Diosdado Peralta, in March 2021.

The chief justice, who was first named on June 11, 1901, in the person of Cayetano Arellano, is the oldest existing major governmental office continually held by a Filipino, preceding the presidency and vice presidency (1935), senators (1916, or as the Taft Commission, on September 1, 1901) and the members of the House of Representatives (1907 as the Philippine Assembly).

Duties and powers

The power to appoint the chief justice lies with the president of the Philippines, who makes the selection from a list of three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. There is no material difference in the process of selecting a chief justice from that in the selection of associate justices. As with the other justices of the Supreme Court, the chief justice is obliged to retire upon reaching the age of 70; otherwise there is no term limit for the chief justice. In the 1935 constitution, any person appointed by the president has to be confirmed by the Commission on Appointments; in the 1973 constitution, the person whom the president appointed did not have to undergo confirmation under the Commission on Appointments.

The current 1987 constitution does not ascribe any formal role to the chief justice other than as an ex-officio chairman of the Judicial and Bar Council and as the presiding officer in any impeachment trial of the president. The chief justice is also required to personally certify every decision that is rendered by the court. The chief justice carries only 1 vote out of 15 in the court, and is generally regarded, vis-a-vis the other justices, as the primus inter pares rather than as the administrative superior of the other members of the court.

Still, the influence a chief justice may bear within the court and judiciary, and on the national government cannot be underestimated. In the public eye, any particular Supreme Court is widely identified with the identity of the incumbent chief justice, hence appellations such as "The Fernando Court" or "The Puno Court". Moreover, the chief justice usually retains high public visibility, unlike the associate justices, who tend to labor in relative anonymity, with exceptions such as Associate Justice J. B. L. Reyes in the 1950s to 1970s.

By tradition, it is also the chief justice who swears into office the president of the Philippines. One notable deviation from that tradition came in 1986, and later again in 2010. Due to the exceptional political circumstances culminating in the People Power Revolution, on February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino took her oath of office as president before Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee in San Juan just minutes before Ferdinand Marcos took his own oath of office also as president before Chief Justice Ramon Aquino. Marcos fled into exile later that night. More than two decades afterwards, Benigno Simeon Aquino III followed in his mother's footsteps (with almost similar reasons) by having Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales administer his oath of office, rather than Chief Justice Renato Corona (who was eventually impeached halfway through Aquino's term). Six years later, in 2016, Rodrigo Duterte took his oath of office before Associate Justice Bienvenido Reyes, his classmate at San Beda College of Law, instead of Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno (who would eventually be removed from her position through quo warranto after it was determined that she had been unlawfully holding office ab initio).

The chief justice also names the three justices each from the Supreme Court in the memberships of the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal and the Senate Electoral Tribunal.

The chief justice is the chief executive officer of the Philippine judiciary system and together with the whole Supreme Court, exercises administrative supervision over all courts and personnel.

List

No. Chief Justice DOB Term Started App By LS PO TE Death and age
1

Cayetano Arellano

2 Mar 1847

(0.16 years)

Jun 15, 1901

(54.29 years)

(0.45 years)

McKinley UST SCP
(1899–1901)
Apr 12, 1920
(18 years, 302 days)
(Resigned)(73.08 years)

(0.25 years)

Dec 23, 1920

73 years, 293 days (73.81 years)

2

Victorino Mapa

Feb 25, 1852

(0.15 years)

Jul 1, 1920

(68.35 years)

(0.5 years)

Wilson UST SOJ
(1913–1920)
SCAJ
(1901–1913)
Oct 31, 1921
(1 year, 122 days)
(Resigned)(69.68 years)

(0.83 years)

Apr 12, 1927

75 years, 46 days (75.13 years)

(0.32 years)

3

Manuel Araullo

Jan 01, 1853

(0 years)

Nov 1, 1921

(68.83 years)

(0.84 years)

Harding UST SCAJ
(1913–1921)
Jul 26, 1924
(2 years, 268 days)
(Died)(0.57 years)
Jul 26, 1924

71 years, 207 days (71.56 years)

4

Ramon Avanceña

Apr 13, 1872

(0.28 years)

Apr 1, 1925

(52.96 years) (0.25 years)

Coolidge UST SCAJ
(1917–1925)
Dec 5, 1941
(16 years, 267 days)
(Resigned)(69.64 years)

(0.92 years)

Jun 12, 1957
85 years, 60 days
(85.16 years)

(0.44 years)

5

Jose Abad Santos

Feb 19, 1886

(0.13 years)

Dec 24, 1941

(55.84 years) (0.98 years)

Quezon Northwestern SCAJ
(1932–1941)
May 2, 19421
(128 days)
(Died)(0.33 years)
May 02, 1942

56 years, 72 days

(56.2 years)

6

Jose Yulo

Sep 24, 1894

(0.73 years)

Jan 26, 1942

(47.34 years) (0.07 years)

Homma UP S OT NA
(1939–1941)
Jul 9, 1945
(3 years, 63 days)
(Resigned)(50.79 years)

(0.52 years)

October 02, 1976

82 years, 8 days (82.02 years)

(0.75 years)

7

Manuel Moran

Oct 27, 1893

(0.82 years)

Jul 9, 1945

(51.7 years) (0.52 years)

Osmeña EDD SCAJ
(1938–1945)
Mar 20, 1951
(5 years, 254 days)
(Resigned)(67.39 years)

(0.21 years)

Aug 23, 1961

67 years, 300 days (67.82 years)

(0.64 years)

8

Ricardo Paras

Feb 17, 1891

(0.13 years)

April 2, 1951

(60.12 years) (0.25 years)

Quirino UP SCAJ
(1941–1951)
Feb 17, 1961
(9 years, 321 days)
(Retired)(0.13 years)
10 Oct 1984
93 years, 236 days
(93.64 years)

(0.77 years)

9

Cesar Bengzon

May 29, 1896

(0.41 years)

Apr 28, 1961

(64.91 years) (0.32 years)

Garcia SCAJ
(1945–1961)
May 29, 1966
(5 years, 31 days)
(Retired)
3 Sep 1992
96 years, 97 days
(96.26 years)

0.67 years

10

Roberto Concepcion

Jun 7, 1903

(0.43 years)

Jun 17, 1966

(63.03 years) (0.46 years)

Marcos, Sr. UST SCAJ
(1954–1966)
Apr 18, 1973
(6 years, 305 days)
(Retired)(69.87 years)

(0.29 years)

Apr 3, 1987

83 years, 300 days (83.82 years)

(0.25 years)

11

Querube Makalintal

22 Dec 1910

(0.97 years)

Oct 21, 1973

(62.83 years) (0.8 years)

Marcos, Sr. UP SCAJ
(1962–1973)
Dec 22, 1975
(2 years, 62 days)
(Retired)
8 Nov 2002
91 years, 333 days
(91.91 years)

0.85 years

12

Fred Ruiz Castro

Sep 02, 1914

(0.67 years)

Jan 5, 1976

(61.34 years) (0.01 years)

Marcos, Sr. UP SCAJ
(1966–1976)
Apr 19, 1979
(3 years, 104 days)
(Died)
Apr 19, 1979

64 years, 229 days (64.63 years)

(1979.3)

13

Enrique Fernando

25 Jul 1915

(0.56 years)

July 2, 1979

(63.94 years) (0.5 years)

Marcos, Sr. UP SCAJ
(1967–1979)
July 25, 1985
(6 years, 22 days)
(Retired)
October 13, 2004

89 years, 80 days (89.22 years)

(2004.78)

14

Felix Makasiar
(1915–1992)

Nov 20, 1915

(1915.88)

Jul 25, 1985

(69.68 years) (1988.56)

Marcos, Sr. UP SCAJ
(1970–1985)
Nov 19, 1985

(1985.88)
(117 days)
(Retired)

Feb 19, 1992

74 years, 172 days (74.47 years)

(1992.13)

15

Ramon Aquino

Aug 31, 1917

(0.66 years)

Nov 20, 1985

68 years, 81 days (68.22 years)

(0.88 years)

Marcos, Sr. UP SCAJ
(1973–1985)
Mar 6, 1986
(106 days)
(Resigned)68.51 years

0.18 years

March 31, 1993

75 years, 212 days (75.58 years)

(0.24 years)

16

Claudio Teehankee

Apr 18, 1918

(0.3 years)

Apr 2, 1986

67 years, 349 days (67.96 years)

(0.29 years)

C. Aquino Ateneo AJ-
SC

(1969–1987)
Apr 18, 1988
(1 year, 16 days)
(Retired)
Nov 27, 1989

71 years, 223 days (71.61 years)

(0.9 years)

17

Pedro Yap

Jul 1, 1918

(0.5 years)

Apr 19, 1988

69 years, 293 days (69.8 years)

(0.3 years)

C. Aquino UP SCAJ
(1986–1988)
Jul 1, 1988
(73 days)
(Retired)(0.5 years)
Nov 20, 2003

85 years, 142 days (85.39 years)

(0.88 years)

18

Marcelo Fernan

Oct 27, 1926

0.79 years

Jul 1, 1988

61 years, 248 days (61.68 years)

0.5 years

C. Aquino UP SCAJ
(1986–1988)
Dec 6, 1991
(3 years, 158 days)
(Resigned)0.93 years
Jul 11, 1999

72 years, 260 days (72.71 years)

(0.52 years)

19

Andres Narvasa

Nov 30, 1928

0.91 years

Dec 8, 1991

63 years, 8 days (63.03 years)

0.93 years

C. Aquino UST SCAJ
(1986–1991)
Nov 30, 1998
(6 years, 357 days)
(Retired)
Oct 31, 2013

84 years, 335 days (84.92 years)

20

Hilario Davide Jr.

Dec 20, 1935

0.97 years

Nov 30, 1998

62 years, 345 days (62.95 years)

0.91 years

Estrada UP SCAJ
(1991–1998)
Dec 20, 2005
(7 years, 20 days)
(Retired)0.97 years
Living

88 years, 99 days (88.27 years) (0.24 years)

21

Artemio Panganiban

Dec 7, 1937

0.93 years

Dec 20, 2005

68 years, 13 days (68.04 years)

0.97 years

Macapagal-Arroyo FEU SCAJ
(1995–2005)
Dec 7, 2007
(1 year, 352 days)
(Retired)
Living

86 years, 112 days (86.31 years) (0.24 years)

22

Reynato Puno

May 17, 1940

0.38 years

Dec 7, 2007

65.6 years 0.93 years

Macapagal-Arroyo UP SCAJ
(1993–2007)
May 17, 2010
(2 years, 161 days)
(Retired)0.38 years
Living

83 years, 316 days (83.86 years) (0.24 years)

23

Renato Corona

Oct 15, 1948

0.79 years

May 17, 2010

(61.59 years) 0.37 years

Macapagal-Arroyo Ateneo SCAJ
(2002–2010)
May 29, 20122 3
(2 years, 12 days)
(Impeached)(63.62 years)

0.41 years

Apr 29, 2016

67 years, 197 days (67.54 years)

(0.33 years)

Maria Lourdes Sereno

Jul 2, 1960

0.5 years

Aug 25, 2012

(50.15 years) 0.65 years

Aquino III UP SCAJ
(2010–2012)
May 11, 20183 4
(5 years, 259 days)
(De facto Chief Justice,
appointment null and void ab initio)
(57.86 years)

0.36 years

Living

63 years, 270 days (63.74 years) (0.24 years)

24

Teresita de Castro

Oct 10, 1948

0.77 years

Aug 28, 2018

69.88 years 0.65 years

Duterte UP SCAJ
(2007–2018)
Oct 10, 20183 5
(43 days)
(Retired)0.77 years
Living

75 years, 170 days (75.46 years) (0.24 years)

25

Lucas Bersamin

Oct 18, 1949

1.8 years

Nov 26, 2018

(69.11 years) 0.9 years

Duterte UE SCAJ
(2009–2018)
October 18, 2019 (70)
(326 days)
(Retired)0.79 years
Living

74 years, 162 days (74.44 years) (0.24 years)

26

Diosdado Peralta

Mar 27, 1952

0.24 years

Oct 23, 2019

67.57 years 0.81 years

Duterte UST SCAJ
(2009–2019)
Mar 27, 2021

69 years
(1 year, 155 days)
(Retired Early) 0.23 years

Living

72 years, 1 day (72 years) (0.24 years)

27

Alexander Gesmundo

Nov 6, 1957

0.85 years

Apr 5, 2021

64.41 years 0.26 years

Duterte ADMU SCAJ
(2017–2021)
present
(2 years, 358 days)67.39 years

0.24 years

Living

67 years, 143 days (67.39 years) (0.24 years)

^1 José Abad Santos was unable to preside over the Supreme Court due to the outbreak of World War II.
^2 Renato Corona was impeached on December 12, 2011, and convicted on May 29, 2012, removing him from office.
^3 Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio served as acting chief justice after the Impeachment of Renato Corona from May 30, 2012 to August 25, 2012[1] and after the removal of Maria Lourdes Sereno via quo warranto proceedings from May 14, 2018 to August 25, 2018.
^4 Maria Lourdes Sereno was removed on May 11, 2018 via quo warranto by a special en banc session; the petition alleged Sereno's appointment was void ab initio due to her failure in complying with the requirements of the Judicial and Bar Council. Hence her entire term as chief justice is considered a de facto tenure;[2] legally void since the ouster of her predecessor. Sereno filed an ad cautelam motion for reconsideration pleading for the reversal of the decision on May 31, 2018, but on June 19, 2018 was denied with finality (meaning no further pleading shall be entertained, as well as for the immediate entry for judgment) for lack of merit.[3]
^5 As a result of Republic v. Sereno, Maria Lourdes Sereno is no longer considered the 24th chief justice of the Philippines, as the court ruled that her appointment was never legal but null and void ab initio. Thus, on August 25, 2018, Teresita de Castro was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte as the new de jure and 24th chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.

[4]

Acting Chief Justices

The following became Senior Associate Justices in their tenure in the Supreme Court:

Senior Associate Justice Year Appointed Term as AJ Tenure as Acting Chief Justice
Florentino Torres 1901 1901-1920 April 1, 1920 April 20, 1920
Elias Finley Johnson 1903 1903-1933 April 20, 1920 July 1, 1920
October 31, 1921 November 1, 1921
July 26, 1924 April 1, 1925
José Abad Santos 1932 1932-1941 December 24, 1941
Manuel V. Moran 1938 1938-1945 May 1, 1942 May 7, 1942
Ricardo M. Paras Jr. 1941 1941-1951 March 20, 1951 April 2, 1951
César F. Bengzon 1945 1945-1961 February 17, 1961 April 28, 1961
Roberto R. Concepcion 1954 1954-1966 May 29, 1966 June 17, 1966
Querube C. Makalintal 1962 1962-1973 April 18, 1973 October 21, 1973
Fred Ruiz Castro 1966 1966-1975 December 22, 1975 January 5, 1976
Enrique M. Fernando Sr. 1967 1967-1979 April 19, 1979 July 2, 1979
Claudio Teehankee Sr. 1968 1979-1986 July 24, 1985 July 25, 1985
November 19, 1985 November 20, 1985
March 6, 1987 April 1, 1987
Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera 1979

1986 (reappointed)

1979-1992 April 18, 1988 April 19, 1988
June 30, 1988 July 1, 1988
December 6, 1991 December 8, 1991
Flerida Ruth P. Romero 1991 1991-1999 November 30, 1998
Reynato S. Puno 1993 1993 December 20, 2005
Leonardo A. Quisumbing 1998 1998-2009 December 7, 2005
Antonio T. Carpio 2001 2001-2019 May 17, 2010
May 28, 2012 August 25, 2012
May 11, 2018 August 28, 2018
October 10, 2018 November 28, 2018
October 17, 2019 October 23, 2019
Estela M. Perlas-Bernabe 2011 2011-2022 March 27, 2022 April 5, 2022

Demographics

By age group

Age group Total %
Centenarians 0 0%
Nonagenarians 3 11%
Octogenarians 8 29%
Septugenarians 9 32%
Sexagenarian 7 25%
Quincagenarian 1 4%
Chief justices: 28

By gender

Gender Total %
Male 26 93%
Female 2 7%
Chief justices: 28 100%

By appointing president

President Total %
Ferdinand Marcos (KBL/Nacionalista) 6 21%
Corazon Aquino (UNIDO/Independent) 4 14%
Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban) 4 14%
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas) 3 11%
William McKinley (Republican) 1 4%
Woodrow Wilson (Democratic) 1 4%
Warren G. Harding (Republican) 1 4%
Calvin Coolidge (Republican) 1 4%
Manuel L. Quezon (Nacionalista) 1 4%
Sergio Osmeña (Nacionalista) 1 4%
Japanese Military Administration 1 4%
Elpidio Quirino (Liberal) 1 4%
Carlos P. Garcia (Nacionalista) 1 4%
Joseph Estrada (LAMMP) 1 4%
Benigno Aquino III (Liberal) 1 4%
Chief justices: 28 100%

By law school

Law school Total %
University of the Philippines College of Law 14 50%
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law 7 25%
Ateneo School of Law 3 11%
Escuela de Derecho 1 4%
Far Eastern University Institute of Law 1 4%
Northwestern University School of Law 1 4%
University of the East College of Law 1 4%
Chief justices: 28 100%

Notable chief justices

  • José Yulo is the only former speaker of the House of Representatives to be subsequently appointed as chief justice. Another, Querube Makalintal, would be elected as Speaker of the Interim Batasang Pambansa (parliament) after his retirement from the court. On the other hand, Marcelo Fernan would, after his resignation from the court, be elected to the Senate and later serve as president of the Senate. Other chief justices served in prominent positions in public service after their retirement include Manuel Moran (ambassador to Spain and the Vatican), and Hilario Davide, Jr. (ambassador to the United Nations). In addition, César Bengzon was elected as the first Filipino to sit as a judge on the International Court of Justice shortly after his retirement in 1966.
  • Roberto Concepcion was reputedly so disappointed with the court's ruling in Javellana v. Executive Secretary where the majority affirmed the validity of the 1973 Constitution despite recognizing the flaws in its ratification, that he retired two months prior to his reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70. Thirteen years later, after the ouster of Marcos, the 83-year-old Concepcion was appointed a member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission tasked with drafting a new constitution. Drawing from his experiences as chief justice in the early days of martial law, Concepcion introduced several new innovations designed to assure the independence of the Supreme Court, such as the Judicial and Bar Council and the express conferment on the court the power to review any acts of government.
  • The longest period one person served as chief justice was 18 years, 294 days in the case of Cayetano Arellano, who served from 1901 to 1920. Arellano was 73 years, 29 days old upon his resignation, the greatest age ever reached by an incumbent chief justice, and a record unlikely to be broken with the current mandatory retirement age of 70.
  • The shortest tenure of any chief justice was of Teresita Leonardo-de Castro, who served as chief justice for a mere 43 days upon reaching her mandatory retirement age of 70. The previous record was that of Pedro Yap, who served as chief justice for 73 days in 1988. Other chief justices who served for less than a year were Felix Makasiar (85 days), Ramon Aquino (78 days), and Artemio Panganiban (352 days). Of these chief justices, all but Aquino left office upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70; Aquino resigned in 1986 after the newly installed President Corazon Aquino asked for the courtesy resignations of all the members of the court.
  • The oldest person appointed as chief justice was Teresita Leonardo-de Castro, who was 69 years, 324 days old upon his appointment in 2018. Other persons appointed as chief justice in their 69th year were Pedro Yap (69 years, 292 days old); Felix Makasiar (69 years, 280 days old); Artemio Panganiban (69 years, 13 days old); and Lucas Bersamin (69 years, 41 days). The youngest person named as chief justice was Manuel Moran, who was 51 years, 256 days old upon his appointment.
  • Claudio Teehankee had to wait for nearly 18 years as associate justice before he was appointed as chief justice. He was twice bypassed by Ferdinand Marcos in favor a more junior associate justice before he was finally appointed chief justice by Corazon Aquino. Of the Filipino associate justices, Florentino Torres and J. B. L. Reyes served over 18 years in the court without becoming chief justice. In contrast, Pedro Yap had served as associate justice for only 2 years, 10 days before he was promoted as chief justice.
  • The longest-lived chief justice was César Bengzon, who died in 1992 aged 96 years, 97 days old. Two other chief justices lived past 90: Ricardo Paras (93 years, 235 days) and Querube Makalintal (91 years, 322 days).
  • The youngest chief justice to die was José Abad Santos, who was executed by the Japanese army in 1942 at age 56 years, 77 days. The youngest chief justice to die from non-violent causes was Fred Ruiz Castro, who died in 1979 of a heart attack inflight to India, at age 64 years, 231 days. Abad Santos, Castro, and Manuel Araullo are the only chief justices to die while in office.
  • The first chief justice to be impeached is Renato Corona. On December 12, 2011, 188 of the 285 members of House of Representatives voted to transmit to the Senate the Articles of Impeachment filed against him. On May 29, 2012, the Senate, voting 20–3, convicted Corona under Article II pertaining to his failure to disclose to the public his statement of assets, liabilities, and net worth.[5]
  • Maria Lourdes Sereno was the first female appointed to serve as chief justice, following the impeachment of Renato Corona and deliberations by the Judicial and Bar Council in 2012 (her successor Teresita Leonardo-de Castro is the de jure first female chief justice). If not for the quo warranto petition which was granted on May 11, 2018, that removed her from the post as well as voiding her appointment and declaring her tenure as a de facto term,[2] she would have been the second chief justice to similarly undergo impeachment proceedings as her late predecessor, Corona. Her ouster was made final on June 19, 2018, by the denial with finality (meaning no further pleading would be entertained, as well as for the immediate entry for judgment) of her ad cautelam motion for reconsideration filed on May 31, 2018, pleading for the reversal of her ouster via quo warranto.[3]

Timeline

By term in office

Alexander GesmundoDiosdado PeraltaLucas BersaminTeresita de CastroMaria Lourdes SerenoRenato CoronaReynato PunoArtemio PanganibanHilario Davide Jr.Andres NarvasaMarcelo FernanPedro YapClaudio TeehankeeRamon AquinoFelix MakasiarEnrique FernandoFred Ruiz CastroQuerube MakalintalRoberto ConcepcionCesar BengzonRicardo ParasManuel MoranJose YuloJose Abad SantosRamon AvanceñaManuel AraulloVictorino MapaCayetano Arellano

Age Timeline

age by Chief Justice

65.11 years

  1. Hilario Davide, Jr.: 88.27 years term:62.95 years to 70 years
  2. Artemio Panganiban: 86.31 years term:68.04 years to 70 years
  3. Reynato Puno: 83.86 years term:67.56 years to 70 years
  4. Maria Lourdes Sereno (de facto): 63.74 years term:52.15 years to 57.86 years
  5. Teresita de Castro: 75.46 years term:69.88 years to 70 years
  6. Lucas Bersamin: 74.44 years term:69.11 years to 70 years
  7. Diosdado Peralta: 72 years term:67.57 years to 70 years
  8. Alexander Gesmundo: 66.39 years term:63.41 years

By Law School

Gallery

  • Portraits of the chief justices at the Supreme Court Building
    Portraits of the chief justices at the Supreme Court Building
  • The chief justice's judicial chambers
    The chief justice's judicial chambers
  • Reception room for the Office of the Chief Justice
    Reception room for the Office of the Chief Justice

See also

References

  1. ^ "Carpio is acting chief justice under SC order". Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  2. ^ a b "G.R. No. 237428. May 11, 2018" (PDF). Supreme Court of the Philippines. May 11, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  3. ^ a b "G.R. No. 237428. June 19, 2018" (PDF). Supreme Court of the Philippines. June 19, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  4. ^ Updated daily according to UTC.
  5. ^ "Senate votes 20-3 to convict Corona". Inquirer.net. May 29, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.

Further reading