Anti-police sentiment

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Anti-police graffiti in Athens, 2008

Anti-police sentiment refers to a social group or individual's attitude and stance against the policing system.[1]

By country

Indonesia

The anti-police sentiment has been reported to be on the rise in Indonesia in recent years. In 2021, a police officer was recorded slamming student protesters in Banten.[2] In the same year, a woman named Novia Widyasari was found dead in front of her father's grave after she found out about her pregnancy in aftermath of the rape perpetrated by a police officer who was her boyfriend. The incident later raised the anti-police sentiment among the locals even further.[3]

The sentiment began to resurface after the murder of Nofriansyah Yosua Hutabarat in 2022. The killing was ordered by Inspector General Ferdy Sambo, his former boss. Police use of tear gas and incompetence in Kanjuruhan Stadium disaster also fueled this sentiment.

Ireland

Anti-Garda Síochána (Republic of Ireland police) sentiment is common among Irish Travellers, a social group with high levels of poverty, unemployment and crime.[4][5] Gardaí were also accused of police brutality in the Shell to Sea protests of 2006–2011, and anti-brutality protests took place in 2007.[6] Anti-Garda sentiment is also common in Dublin's north inner city,[7] an area of high crime, deprivation and drug addiction. Local youths attacked Gardaí during the 2006 Dublin riots, sparked by a Love Ulster protest.[8] The Kerry babies case of 1984 also sparked anti-Garda feeling in the area.[9] The acronym AGAB, a variation on ACAB, is sometimes used.[10]

Poland

In Poland, the abbreviation HWDP is used with the meaning of "a dick in the police's ass." It often appears as graffiti.[11][12]

Sweden

Main article: 2022 Sweden riots § Role of the police

A series of riots took place in Sweden in April 2022 after Danish-born, right-wing activist Rasmus Paludan attempted to hold a series of Quran burning demonstrations in the country. Counterprotesters responded by attacking participants and engaging in rioting, often getting into violent clashes with police. National Police Commissioner Anders Thornberg said that, in some cases, protesters "tried to kill police."[13] In an interview with Agence France-Presse, Kivanc Atak of Stockholm University interpreted the riots to be unusual as, unlike most incidents causing conflict between police and minorities, the unrest was not directed against a specific case of police misconduct nor even the subject in general. Manne Gerell of Malmö University further added that some of those involved in the unrest might have been seeking to vent general frustration against police, such as over the use of stop and search powers.[13] Anders Thornberg said some rioters were suspected to have "[had] links to criminal gangs" and that the police would look into it.[14]

United Kingdom

A pin from Northern Ireland that reads "Help the Police, beat yourself up."

Contrary to its European neighbours, England did not have a tradition of professional police forces. Crime prevention was carried out by a combination of the town watch and the parish constabulary appointed by the justices of the peace in each county. In Great Britain during the late 1790s, anti-police views were based on the possible encroachment of absolutism through professionalised law enforcement, the obstruction of the magistrates' power and skepticism towards trusting an unfamiliar organisation.[15]

United States

In the 1950s, William Westley suggested that anti-police sentiment may come from the social stigma of working in dangerous conditions, having to work with stigmatized others, and at times unethical practices.[16]

In the 1970s, police departments began to become concerned about litigation over police misconduct.[1]

Distrust of police in the U.S. is sometimes mentioned in connection to police brutality and racial profiling.[17]

A 2015 commemoration of the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown

In 1991, Rodney King, an African American man, was savagely beaten by four Los Angeles Police officers. The following year, the 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out in response to the acquittal of the police officers involved in the beating. This event brought large amounts of media attention to police brutality towards minorities such as African Americans and Hispanics.

The 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and the ensuing outrage is considered a turning point in the U.S. dialogue of the "war on cops"[17] with the Black Lives Matter movement challenging the legitimacy of the police.[17]

Minority groups in disadvantaged neighborhoods tend to distrust police more[18] and feel that the "law is not on their side".[19]

The role of police in the restriction of youth freedom has also perpetuated anti-police sentiments among young people.[20]

During the George Floyd protests and the wave of racial unrest that followed, a surge in anti-police attacks was reported.[21] According to a 2021 FBI statement, "103 ambush-style attacks on law enforcement officers [took place] this year, which was an increase of 115% from 2020, and resulted in 130 officers being shot. Thirty of those officers were killed."[22][23] In April 2021, Canadian scholar Temitope Oriola expressed concern tensions between police and African Americans could lead to an "anti-police insurgency", drawing parallels to the armed conflict that took place between 1950 and 1994 in Apartheid South Africa. Oriola noted that the vast majority of anti-police brutality protests have been peaceful, and an insurgency in the United States would be far less violent than one in other countries.[24]

Former U.S. president Donald Trump has on several occasions condemned the anti-police atmosphere.[13][25][26][27]

Examples

A commemoration for the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, 2014
  • The shooting of unarmed African American Michael Brown by a police officer in 2014 caused public outrage in the U.S. and a condemnation of law enforcement's use of force against the marginalised.[13] Culhane, Boman and Schweitzer have pointed out that in the post-Ferguson era, there is a greater preconceived assumption among the public that the police are the perpetrators of unjustified violence rather than the offender being at fault in incidents of police brutality.[13]
  • The July 2016 shooting of Philando Castile in Minnesota resulted in a large protest that included vandalism of police headquarters such as covering them with red paint.[28][29]
  • The 2016 shooting of Dallas Police officers in Texas killed 5 officers.[30] The shooting was conducted during an anti-police–brutality protest.[31]
  • The 2017 St Louis Protests were a response to the police shooting of Anthony Lamar Smith in 2011.[31] Banners containing anti-police rhetoric were shown; police cars and other property were damaged.[32] Ten officers were injured during the violent protests.[31]
  • The 2019 Jersey City shooting was motivated in part by anti-law enforcement beliefs.[33]
2016 Dallas Police Shooting Memorial Service

Media

Smartphones, allowing people to capture real-time recordings of confrontations with police and spread them across the internet, have been mentioned in helping extend anti-police sentiment.[26][17] Anti-police sentiment also manifests in music.[35]

Examples
  • Public Enemy – The late 1980s was a significant time for the hip-hop industry with the release of music that was explicit in its social commentary on the corrupt morality of authorities.[36] As such, anti-police views began to be expressed by hip-hop groups such as Public Enemy who released "Fight the Power" in 1989, holding a harsh mirror to the police force for them to recognise their racial prejudice. Thus, it became an "anthem for the kind of resistance that rap music had already begun to embrace".[36]
  • N.W.A – Another notable example of anti-police rhetoric existent in popular culture is N.W.A's song "Fuck tha police" released in 1988 which was inspired by their personal encounters with law enforcement that involved discrimination. The reception of this song by authority figures was utter discontent, causing the proliferation of tensions between the rap group and the police.[37] On the other hand, its reception with the African American community was powerful as it "struck a nerve for many people, especially the marginalized communities. They wanted justice, too, but only in fictional songs like ‘Fuck tha police' could they seem to find it".[37] Its provocative lyrics have influenced other artists such as Mayhem Mal who utilised the same title and received backlash for its anti-police undertones.[37]
  • Uncle Marda & Maida – The statements in Uncle Marda & Maida's 2014 song "Hands Up" has been described as "a parable about what happens when a marginalised community simply can't take it anymore".[38] The lyrics were anti-police and the music video depicted power inversion.[38]
  • Rage Against the Machine – R.A.T.M's signature 1992 song, Killing in the Name, makes numerous references to police brutality, corruption, and institutional racism. The line “Some of those that work forces, are the same that burn crosses" references phenomenon of some law enforcement officers also being members of the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist hate groups in the United States.

U.S. police response

Police have expressed feeling threatened by violent protesters and attackers, and a dissatisfaction with a larger gap between police and the community.[19]

Some have blamed media for fueling anti-police sentiment. Chuck Cantury Howard Safir identified "a war on police" in his letter to President Barack Obama.[17] Former FBI director James Comey addressed in 2015 by positing that "a chill wind [is] blowing through American law enforcement over the last year… and that wind is surely changing behavior".[17] Academics have theorized that "de-policing" may be seen in America as a response to police dissatisfaction in some areas.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Reynolds-Stenson, Heidi (2017-09-22). "Protesting the police: anti-police brutality claims as a predictor of police repression of protest". Social Movement Studies. 17 (1): 48–63. doi:10.1080/14742837.2017.1381592. ISSN 1474-2837. S2CID 149328638.
  2. ^ Bhwana, Petir Garda (2021-10-14). "Police Apologize for 'Body Slam' Incident Against A Student Protester". Tempo. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  3. ^ "How Novia's death galvanised a movement around consent and sexual violence in Indonesia". ABC News. 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  4. ^ "Tensions high after six gardai are injured in clashes at Traveller site". The Irish Times.
  5. ^ "Afraid of Gardai | Magill". magill.ie.
  6. ^ "Photos From Today's 'Anti Garda Brutality' Rally In Dublin". Éirígí For A New Republic. 14 July 2007.
  7. ^ Oireachtas, Houses of the (March 24, 2005). "Garda Síochána Bill 2004 [Seanad]: Second Stage (Resumed). – Dáil Éireann (29th Dáil) – Thursday, 24 Mar 2005 – Houses of the Oireachtas". www.oireachtas.ie.
  8. ^ "Anti-Garda feelings contributed to violence, say locals | Magill". magill.ie.
  9. ^ Galvin, Anthony (July 4, 2013). Ring of Death: Famous Kerry Murders. Random House. ISBN 9781780577081 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ O'Mahony, Christine (30 December 2020). "15 gardaí couldn't take a knife off one man". Twitter.
  11. ^ Garapich, Michal P. (July 26, 2016). London's Polish Borders: Transnationalizing Class and Ethnicity among Polish Migrants in London. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9783838266077 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ Cattermole, Carl (June 20, 2019). Prison: A Survival Guide. Random House. ISBN 9781473565883 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ a b c d e Nix, Justin; Wolfe, Scott E.; Campbell, Bradley A. (2017-07-03). "Command-level Police Officers' Perceptions of the "War on Cops" and De-policing". Justice Quarterly. 35 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1080/07418825.2017.1338743. ISSN 0741-8825. S2CID 149114485.
  14. ^ Tanner, Jari (2022-04-18). "Sweden links riots to criminal gangs that target police". CP24. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  15. ^ Barrie, David G. (2008-10-01). "Patrick Colquhoun, the Scottish Enlightenment and Police Reform in Glasgow in the Late Eighteenth Century1". Crime, Histoire & Sociétés. 12 (2): 59–79. doi:10.4000/chs.359. ISSN 1422-0857.
  16. ^ Mawby, Rob C.; Zempi, Irene (2018). "Police officers' experiences as victims of hate crime". Policing. 41 (5): 526–538. doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-12-2016-0176. hdl:2381/39935. ISSN 1363-951X.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Maguire, Edward R.; Nix, Justin; Campbell, Bradley A. (2016-09-29). "A War on Cops? The Effects of Ferguson on the Number of U.S. Police Officers Murdered in the Line of Duty". Justice Quarterly. 34 (5): 739–758. doi:10.1080/07418825.2016.1236205. ISSN 0741-8825. S2CID 151627812.
  18. ^ Sharp, Elaine B.; Johnson, Paul E. (2009). "Accounting for Variation in Distrust of Local Police". Justice Quarterly. 26 (1): 157–182. doi:10.1080/07418820802290496. ISSN 0741-8825. S2CID 143867268.
  19. ^ a b Wahl, Rachel (2017). "No Justice, No Peace?: The Police, People of Color, and the Paradox of Protecting Human Rights". Human Rights Quarterly. 39 (4): 811–831. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0050. ISSN 1085-794X. S2CID 149148180.
  20. ^ Lurigio, Arthur; Greenleaf, Richard; Flexon, Jamie (2009). "The Effects of Race on Relationships with the Police: A Survey of African American and Latino Youths in Chicago". Western Criminology Review. 10 (1): 29–41.
  21. ^ McPherson, Michael. "FBI agent: Several actions are needed to stem anti-police sentiment | Opinion". Florida Today. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  22. ^ 911MEDIA (2022-01-05). "National FOP President Reflects on Dangers Law Enforcement Faced in 2021". Fraternal Order of Police. Retrieved 2022-05-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Floyd, Craig W. (2022-01-21). "Anti-police sentiment puts officers in danger". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409.
  24. ^ Oriola, Temitope (15 April 2021). "The United States is at risk of an armed anti-police insurgency". The Conversation. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  25. ^ Balko, Radley (2017). "Trumps, cops and crime". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  26. ^ a b DeVylder, Jordan E. (2017). "Donald Trump, the Police, and Mental Health in US Cities". American Journal of Public Health. 107 (7): 1042–1043. doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303827. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 5463226. PMID 28590854.
  27. ^ Trump, Donald J. (2017-08-19). "Looks like many anti-police agitators in Boston. Police are looking tough and smart! Thank you". @realdonaldtrump. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  28. ^ Lyons, Jenna (2016-07-08). "About 2,000 rally in Oakland in reaction to police shootings". SFGate. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  29. ^ "Oakland: Seven arrests in anti-police protest that shut down I-880". The Mercury News. 2016-07-08. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  30. ^ Levin (now), Sam; Jamieson, Amber; Glenza, Jessica; Weaver, Matthew; Phipps (earlier), Claire; Kasperkevic, Jana (2016-07-09). "Dallas police shooting: Micah Johnson was 'lone shooter' – as it happened". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  31. ^ a b c Dart, Oliver Laughland Tom; Dallas, Jon Swaine in; Washington, David Smith in (2016-07-08). "Dallas shooting suspect stated he wanted to 'kill white officers'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  32. ^ Taylor, Alan. "A Weekend of Protest in St. Louis - The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  33. ^ Panico, Rebecca (December 12, 2019). "Jersey City shooters had 'tremendous amount of firepower.' Attack investigated as domestic terror, AG says". NJ Advance Media for NJ.com. Retrieved December 13, 2019. "We believe the suspects held views that reflected hatred of Jewish people as well as law enforcement," Attorney General Gurbir Grewal said at a press conference. "The evidence points toward acts of hate. We're investigating this as a potential act of terrorism fueled by anti-Semitic and anti-law enforcement beliefs."
  34. ^ "Update: Security Officers Gunned Down At Oakland Federal Building; DHS Official Calls Gunman 'An Assassin'". CBS SF BayArea. May 30, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
  35. ^ Fernandes, Sujatha. (2011). Close to the edge : in search of the global hip hop generation. Verso. ISBN 978-1844677412. OCLC 711052051.
  36. ^ a b Nielson, Erik (2011-10-06). "'Here come the cops': Policing the resistance in rap music". International Journal of Cultural Studies. 15 (4): 349–363. doi:10.1177/1367877911419159. ISSN 1367-8779. S2CID 145609151.
  37. ^ a b c Hosking, Taylor; Zaragoza, Alex (2019-03-07). "Rappers Are Defending Their Right to Anti-Cop Lyrics in the Supreme Court". Vice. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
  38. ^ a b Steinberg, Robin G (2015). "Police Power and the Scaring of America: A Personal Journey". Yale Law & Policy Review, Inc. 34 (1): 131–153. JSTOR 43921153.
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