2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election

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2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election
← 2014 21 October 2019 2024 →
All 90 seats in the Haryana Legislative Assembly
46 seats needed for a majority
Turnout68.20% (Decrease 8.34%)
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Manohar Lal Khattar Bhupinder Singh Hooda
Party BJP INC
Alliance NDA UPA
Leader since 2014 2005
Leader's seat Karnal Garhi Sampla-Kiloi
Last election 33.20%, 47 seats 20.58%, 15 seats
Seats won 40 31
Seat change Decrease 7 Increase 16
Percentage 36.49% 28.08%
Swing Increase 3.29% Increase 7.50%
  Third party Fourth party
 
Leader Dushyant Chautala Abhay Singh Chautala
Party JJP INLD
Alliance -
Leader since 2018 2014
Leader's seat Uchana Kalan Ellenabad
Last election New 24.11%, 19 seats
Seats won 10 1
Seat change Increase 10 Decrease 18
Percentage 14.8% 2.44%
Swing Increase 14.8% Decrease 21.67%
Chief Minister before election

Manohar Lal Khattar
BJP

Elected Chief Minister


BJP

Legislative Assembly election was held in Haryana on 21 October 2019 to elect 90 members of the Haryana Legislative Assembly.[1][2] The final voter turnout was recorded at 68.20%.[3] The results were announced on 24 October 2019.[4]

The Bharatiya Janata Party emerged as the single largest party and formed the government in a post-poll alliance with the Jannayak Janta Party and seven Independent MLAs.[5] BJP's Manohar Lal Khattar and JJP President Dushyant Chautala were sworn in as Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minister respectively of BJP-JJP alliance government.

In the previous election in 2014 , the Bharatiya Janata Party had won a majority and ended the 10-year rule of the Congress government in the state and Manohar Lal Khattar became the Chief Minister.

Elections

Schedule

Poll Event Haryana
Notification date 27 September 2019
Last Date for filing Nominations 4 October 2019
Scrutiny of Nominations 5 October 2019
Last date for withdrawal of Candidature 7 October 2019
Date of Poll 21 October 2019
Counting of Votes 24 October 2019
Source: Business Today[1]

Voter turnout

After the final count the turnout was updated to 68.20%.[3] Fatehabad 73.7%, Kaithal 73.3%, Jagadhari 73%, and Hathin 72.5% had highest turnout. Gurugram 51.2%, Badkhal 51.3%, and Tigaon 53.2% had lowest turnout of just above 50%.[6]

Parties and alliances

  National Democratic Alliance

No. Party Flag Symbol Photo Leader Seats contested
1. Bharatiya Janata Party Manohar Lal Khattar 90

  United Progressive Alliance

No. Party Flag Symbol Photo Leader Seats contested
1. Indian National Congress Bhupinder Singh Hooda 90

  Jannayak Janata Party

No. Party Flag Symbol Photo Leader Seats contested
1. Jannayak Janata Party Dushyant Chautala 87

  INLD-SAD Alliance

No. Party Flag Symbol Photo Leader Seats contested
1. Indian National Lok Dal Abhay Singh Chautala 81
2. Shiromani Akali Dal 3

Surveys and Polls

Vote share

Publishing Date Polling Agency
NDA UPA Others
26 September 2019 ABP News – C Voter[7] 46 % 22% 32%
18 October 2019 IANS – C Voter[8] 47.5 % 21.4 % 30.7%

Best Choice for Chief Minister

Publishing Date Polling Agency
Manohar Lal Khattar Bhupinder Singh Hooda Dushyant Chautala Ashok Tanwar Abhay Chautala Deepender Hooda Om Prakash Chautala Kuldeep Bishnoi Naveen Jaihind others can't say
26 September 2019 ABP News – C Voter[7] 48.1 % 12.6% 11.1% 4.3 1.7 1.3 1 0.7 0.4 12.8 5.9

Seat Projections

Poll type Publishing Date Polling Agency Majority
NDA UPA Others
Opinion polls 26 September 2019 ABP News-CVoter[7] 78 08 04 33
26 September 2019 Patriotic Voter [9] 51 25 14 11
27 September 2019 NewsX – Pollstrat[10] 76 06 08 31
17 October 2019 Republic - Jan Ki Baat[11] 58-70 12-15 5-8 13-25
18 October 2019 ABP-CVoter[12] 83 3 4 38
18 October 2019 IANS-CVoter[13] 79-87 1-7  – 34-42
Exit polls India Today - Axis[14] 32-44 30-42 6-10 HUNG
TV9 - Bharatvarsh[15] 47 23 20 2
News18 - IPSOS[15] 75 10 5 30
Patriotic Voter [9] 46 26 18 1
Republic Media - Jan Ki Baat[15] 52-63 15-19 12-18 7-18
ABP News - C Voter[15] 72 8 10 27
NewsX - Pollstrat[15] 75-80 9-12 1-4 30-35
Times Now[15] 77 11 8 32

Detailed Results

Vote Share

  BJP (36.49%)
  INC (28.08%)
  JJP (14.84%)
  BSP (4.21%)
  INLD (2.44%)
  Independent (9.17%)
  Other (4.77%)
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Won +/−
Bharatiya Janata Party 4,569,016 36.49% Increase3.39 40 Decrease7
Indian National Congress 3,515,498 28.08% Increase7.55 31 Increase16
Jannayak Janata Party 1,858,033 14.80% New 10 Increase10
Indian National Lok Dal 305,486 2.44% Decrease21.67 1 Decrease18
Haryana Lokhit Party 81,641 0.66% Decrease0.56 1 Increase1
Bahujan Samaj Party 518,812 4.21% Decrease0.16 0 Decrease1
Shiromani Akali Dal 47,336 0.38% Decrease0.24 0 Decrease1
Independents 1,129,942 9.17% Increase6.34 7 Increase2
None of the Above 65,270 0.53%
Total 1,25,20,177 100.00 90 ±0
Valid votes 1,25,20,177 99.85
Invalid votes 19,076 0.15
Votes turnout 1,25,39,253 68.20
Abstentions 58,47,429 31.80
Registered voters 1,83,86,682

Democratic Standards

Performance of the political parties

During the election campaign, BJP had given the slogan of "75+" i.e. BJP will win more than 75 seats out of 90 seats in Haryana. But, BJP couldn't fulfill its target and it even lost the majority in the Legislative Assembly.

The INC emerged as the big gainer in the election. INC fought the election under the leadership of Selja Kumari and former chief minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda. Though INC couldn't reach the majority mark of 46 seats, it gained 15 seats in comparison to the previous election and won 30 seats.

"Aaya Ram Gaya Ram" phenomenon

See also: Aaya Ram Gaya Ram

To be updated.

Barrier to entry and politics of rich

See also: Power is only for wealthy (plutocracy)

83.3% (75 out of 90) are crorepati, that is, they own assets worth at least INR10,000,000. Average worth of 2019 assembly members is INR18.29 crore compare to INR12.97 crore in 2014. 93.5% of INC (29 of 31), 92.5% of BJP (37 of 40), and 70% of JJP (7 of 10) are crorepati. With INR25.26 crore per MLA, the average wealth of JJP is highest.[16]

Casteism

See also: Caste-related violence in India, Arya Samaj, and Bhakti movement

To be updated.

Criminality

See also: Criminality in politics, Strict criminal justice system, Lack of civil disobedience movement, and High tolerance of political criminality

Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), a think tank which does poll analysis for accountability and transparency in democracy, found that the 13.3% (12 of 90) elected MLAs face criminal cases, highest being 4 from INC, followed by 2 from BJP, 1 from JJP, and rest being independent or single MLA parties.[16]

Dynastism and nepotism

See also: Nepotistic dynasts of Haryana politics

Dynasts had field day in the election results, several dynasts across various parties won elections.[17]

Highest number of dynasts won from INC, namely Bhupinder Singh Hooda from Ranbir Singh Hooda, Kiran Choudhry from Bansi Lal clan, Kuldeep Bishnoi from Bhajan Lal clan, Chiranjeev Rao from Ajay Singh Yadav clan, Varun Chaudhary from Phool Chand Mullana;[17] as well as Rao Dan Singh related to Rao Narbir Singh[18][19] Aftab Ahmed of Khursheed Ahmed clan,[20][21] Amit Sihag Chautala is another dynast who became INC MLA from Dabwali, he is grandson of Devi Lal.[22]

Dynasts who won from BJP are Dura Ram of Bhajan Lal clan.[23][24]

Highest number of winning dynasts were from the Devi Lal's Chautala clan which had fielded 6 family members from different parties and 5 of them won including Dushyant Chautala and his mother Naina Singh Chautala from JJP, Abhay Singh Chautala from INLD, and INC rebel Ranjit Singh Chautala as independent candidate;[17] as well as Amit Sihag Chautala from Dabwali as INC MLA.[22] This was followed by 2 from Bhajan Lal clan, namely Kuldeep Bishnoi[17] and Dura Ram.[23][24] Lone HLP party MLA Gopal Kanda is also from political family as his father too had contested General Elections in the past on Jan Sangh ticket.[25]

Lack of female empowerment

See also: Women's empowerment; Women in India; Bride trafficking in Haryana; and Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana

Only 9 (10% of total legislature membership) female candidate were elected, 4 from Congress, 3 from BJP, 1 from JJP and 1 independent.[26]

Lack of educational and innovation standards of candidates

See also: HDI Education Index and List of international education and innovation rankings

According to ADR report, only 69% (62 of 90) have at least a bachelor's degree,[16] i.e. 31% lack even the basic degree,

Results by district

District Seats BJP INC JJP Others
Ambala Division
Panchkula 2 1 1 0 0
Ambala 4 2 2 0 0
Yamunanagar 4 2 2 0 0
Kurukshetra 4 2 1 1 0
Karnal Division
Kaithal 4 2 0 1 1
Karnal 5 3 1 0 1
Panipat 4 2 2 0 0
Rohtak Division
Sonipat 6 2 4 0 0
Bhiwani 4 3 1 0 0
Charkhi Dadri 2 0 0 1 1
Rohtak 4 0 3 0 1
Jhajjar 4 0 4 0 0
Hisar Division
Jind 5 1 1 3 0
Fatehabad 3 2 0 1 0
Sirsa 5 0 2 0 3
Hisar 7 3 1 3 0
Gurgaon Division
Mahendragarh 4 3 1 0 0
Rewari 3 2 1 0 0
Gurgaon 4 3 0 0 1
Faridabad Division
Nuh 3 0 3 0 0
Palwal 3 3 0 0 0
Faridabad 6 3 1 0 1
Total 90 40 31 10 9

Results by constituency

Results
Assembly Constituency Winner Runner Up Margin
No. Name Candidate Party Votes Candidate Party Votes
Panchkula District
1 Kalka Pardeep Chaudhary INC 57948 Latika Sharma BJP 52017 5931
2 Panchkula Gian Chand Gupta BJP 61537 Chander Mohan INC 55904 5633
Ambala District
3 Naraingarh Shalley INC 53470 Surender Singh BJP 32870 20600
4 Ambala Cant Anil Vij BJP 64571 Chitra Sarwara Ind 44406 20165
5 Ambala City Aseem Goel BJP 64896 Nirmal Singh (Haryana) Ind 55944 8952
6 Mulana (SC) Varun Chaudhary INC 67051 Rajbir Singh BJP 65363 1688
Yamunanagar District
7 Sadhaura (SC) Renu Bala INC 65806 Balwant Singh BJP 48786 17020
8 Jagadhri Kanwar Pal Gujjar BJP 66376 Akram Khan INC 50003 16373
9 Yamunanagar Ghanshyam Dass BJP 64848 Dilbag Singh INLD 63393 1455
10 Radaur Bishan Lal INC 54087 Karan Dev BJP 51546 2541
Kurukshetra District
11 Ladwa Mewa Singh INC 57665 Dr. Pawan Saini BJP 45028 12637
12 Shahbad (SC) Ram Karan JJP 69233 Krishan Kumar BJP 32106 37127
13 Thanesar Subhash Sudha BJP 55759 Ashok Kumar Arora INC 54917 842
14 Pehowa Sandeep Singh BJP 42613 Mandeep Singh Chattha INC 37299 5314
Kaithal District
15 Guhla (SC) Ishwar Singh JJP 36518 Chaudhary Dilu Ram INC 31944 4574
16 Kalayat Kamlesh Dhanda BJP 53805 Jai Parkash INC 44831 8974
17 Kaithal Leela Ram BJP 72664 Randeep Singh Surjewala INC 71418 1246
18 Pundri Randhir Singh Gollen Ind 41008 Satbir Bhana INC 28184 12824
Karnal District
19 Nilokheri (SC) Dharam Pal Gonder Ind 42979 Bhagwan Dass BJP 40757 2222
20 Indri Ram Kumar Kashyap BJP 54221 Rakesh Kamboj Ind 46790 7431
21 Karnal Manohar Lal Khattar BJP 79906 Tarlochan Singh INC 34718 45188
22 Gharaunda Harvinder Kalyan BJP 67209 Anil Kumar INC 49807 17402
23 Assandh Shamsher Singh Gogi INC 32114 Narendra Singh BSP 30411 1703
Panipat District
24 Panipat Rural Mahipal Dhanda BJP 67086 Devender Kadian JJP 45125 21961
25 Panipat City Parmod Kumar Vij BJP 76863 Sanjay Aggarwal INC 37318 39545
26 Israna (SC) Balbir Singh INC 61376 Krishan Lal Panwar BJP 41361 20015
27 Samalkha Dharam Singh Chhoker INC 81898 Shashi Kant Kaushik BJP 66956 14942
Sonipat District
28 Ganaur Nirmal Rani BJP 57830 Kuldip Sharma INC 47550 10280
29 Rai Mohan Lal Badoli BJP 45377 Jai Tirath INC 42715 2662
30 Kharkhauda (SC) Jaiveer Singh INC 38577 Pawan Kumar JJP 37033 1544
31 Sonipat Surender Panwar INC 79438 Kavita Jain BJP 46560 32878
32 Gohana Jagbir Singh Malik INC 39531 Raj Kumar Saini LSP 35379 4152
33 Baroda Sri Krishan Hooda INC 42566 Yogeshwar Dutt BJP 37726 4840
Jind District
34 Julana Amarjeet Dhanda JJP 61942 Parminder Singh Dhull BJP 37749 24193
35 Safidon Subhash Gangoli INC 57253 Bachan Singh Arya BJP 53560 3658
36 Jind Dr. Krishan Lal Middha BJP 58370 Mahabir Gupta JJP 45862 12508
37 Uchana Kalan Dushyant Chautala JJP 92504 Premlata Singh BJP 45052 47452
38 Narwana (SC) Ram Niwas JJP 79578 Santosh Rani BJP 48886 30692
Fatehabad District
39 Tohana Devender Singh Babli JJP 100752 Subhash Barala BJP 48450 52302
40 Fatehabad Dura Ram BJP 77369 Dr. Virender Siwatch JJP 74069 3300
41 Ratia (SC) Lakshman Napa BJP 55160 Jarnail Singh INC 53944 1216
Sirsa District
42 Kalanwali (SC) Shishpal Singh INC 53059 Rajinder Singh Desujodha SAD 33816 19243
43 Dabwali Amit Sihag INC 66885 Aditya Devi Lal BJP 51238 15647
44 Rania Ranjit Singh Ind 53825 Gobind Kanda HLP 34394 19431
45 Sirsa Gopal Kanda HLP 44915 Gokul Setia Ind 44313 602
46 Ellenabad Abhay Singh Chautala INLD 56976 Pawan Beniwal BJP 45133 11922
Hisar District
47 Adampur Kuldeep Bishnoi INC 63693 Sonali Phogat BJP 34222 29471
48 Uklana (SC) Anoop Dhanak JJP 65369 Asha Khedar BJP 41676 23693
49 Narnaund Ram Kumar Gautam JJP 73435 Captain Abhimanyu BJP 61406 12029
50 Hansi Vinod Bhayana BJP 53191 Rahul Makkar JJP 30931 22260
51 Barwala Jogi Ram Sihag JJP 45868 Surender Punia BJP 41960 3908
52 Hisar Dr. Kamal Gupta BJP 49675 Ram Niwas Rara INC 33843 15832
53 Nalwa Ranbir Singh Gangwa BJP 47523 Randhir Panihar INC 37851 9672
Bhiwani District
54 Loharu Jai Parkash Dalal BJP 61365 Somvir Singh INC 43688 17677
Charkhi Dadri District
55 Badhra Naina Singh Chautala JJP 52938 Ranbir Singh Mahendra INC 39234 13704
56 Dadri Somveer Sangwan Ind 43849 Satpal Sangwan JJP 29577 14272
Bhiwani District
57 Bhiwani Ghanshyam Saraf BJP 61704 Dr. Shiv Shanker Bhardwaj JJP 33820 27884
58 Tosham Kiran Choudhry INC 72699 Shashi Ranjan Parmar BJP 54640 18059
59 Bawani Khera (SC) Bishamber Singh BJP 52387 Ramkishan Fauji INC 41492 10895
Rohtak District
60 Meham Balraj Kundu Ind 49418 Anand Singh Dangi INC 37371 12047
61 Garhi Sampla-Kiloi Bhupinder Singh Hooda INC 97755 Satish Nandal BJP 39443 58312
62 Rohtak Bharat Bhushan Batra INC 50437 Manish Grover BJP 47702 2735
63 Kalanaur (SC) Shakuntla Khatak INC 62151 Ramavtar Balmiki BJP 51527 10624
Jhajjar District
64 Bahadurgarh Rajinder Singh Joon INC 55825 Naresh Kaushik BJP 40334 15491
65 Badli Kuldeep Vats INC 45441 Om Prakash Dhankhar BJP 34196 11245
66 Jhajjar (SC) Geeta Bhukkal INC 46480 Rakesh Kumar BJP 31481 14999
67 Beri Dr. Raghuvir Singh Kadian INC 46022 Vikram Kadian BJP 33070 12952
Mahendragarh District
68 Ateli Sitaram Yadav BJP 55793 Atar Lal BSP 37387 18406
69 Mahendragarh Rao Dan Singh INC 46478 Ram Bilas Sharma BJP 36258 10220
70 Narnaul Om Parkash Yadav BJP 42732 Kamlesh Saini JJP 28017 14715
71 Nangal Chaudhry Dr. Abhe Singh Yadav BJP 55529 Mula Ram JJP 34914 20615
Rewari District
72 Bawal (SC) Dr. Banwari Lal BJP 69049 Dr. M. L. Ranga INC 36804 32245
73 Kosli Laxman Singh Yadav BJP 78813 Yaduvender Singh INC 40189 38624
74 Rewari Chiranjeev Rao INC 43870 Sunil Kumar BJP 42553 1317
Gurgaon District
75 Pataudi (SC) Satya Prakash Jaravata BJP 60333 Narender Singh Pahari Ind 24027 36306
76 Badshahpur Rakesh Daultabad Ind 106827 Manish Yadav BJP 96641 10186
77 Gurgaon Sudhir Singla BJP 81953 Mohit Grover Ind 48638 33315
78 Sohna Sanjay Singh BJP 61376 Rohtas Singh JJP 46664 12453
Mewat District
79 Nuh Aftab Ahmed INC 52311 Zakir Hussain BJP 48273 4038
80 Ferozepur Jhirka Mamman Khan INC 84546 Naseem Ahmed BJP 47542 37004
81 Punahana Mohammad Ilyas INC 35092 Rahish Khan Ind 34276 816
Palwal District
82 Hathin Praveen Dagar BJP 46744 Mohammad Israil INC 43857 2887
83 Hodal (SC) Jagdish Nayar BJP 55864 Udai Bhan INC 52477 3387
84 Palwal Deepak Mangla BJP 89426 Karan Singh INC 61130 28296
Faridabad District
85 Prithla Nayan Pal Rawat Ind 64625 Raghubir Tewatia INC 48196 16429
86 Faridabad NIT Neeraj Sharma INC 61697 Nagender Bhadana BJP 58455 3242
87 Badkhal Seema Trikha BJP 58550 Vijay Pratap Singh INC 56005 2545
88 Ballabgarh Mool Chand Sharma BJP 66708 Anand Kaushik INC 24995 41713
89 Faridabad Narender Gupta BJP 65887 Lakhan Kumar Singla INC 44174 21713
90 Tigaon Rajesh Nagar BJP 97126 Lalit Nagar INC 63285 33841

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Haryana Assembly polls to be held on time: Manohar Lal Khattar". The Economic Times. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  2. ^ "Election Dates 2019 updates: Haryana, Maharashtra voting on October 21, results on October 24". Business Today. 21 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Assembly Elections 2019: Haryana records voter turnout of 68.47%, Maharashtra at 61.29%". 21 October 2019.
  4. ^ "GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT OCT-2019". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  5. ^ "BJP forms government in Haryana". News Hook. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  6. ^ "Haryana Election 2019 Voting Updates: 62.64% turnout recorded at close of polling; Narnaund sees highest figure at 73.57%". Firstpost. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  7. ^ a b c "Maharashtra, Haryana Opinion Poll: दोनों राज्यों में बन सकती है BJP की सरकार, सत्ता बचाने में होगी कामयाब". ABP News (in Hindi). 21 September 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  8. ^ "Survey Predicts Landslide BJP Victory in Haryana, Big Win in Maharashtra". News18. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  9. ^ a b "PvHARYANA19".
  10. ^ -Sharma, Gaurav (26 September 2019). "NewsX-Pollstart Opinion Poll: BJP likely to retain power in Haryana and Maharashtra". NewsX. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  11. ^ "Jan Ki Baat Opinion poll 2019: BJP likely retain power in Haryana and Maharashtra; Khattar, Fadnavis look set for second term". Financial Express. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  12. ^ Joy, Shemin (18 October 2019). "Opinion poll predicts BJP win in Haryana, Maharashtra". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  13. ^ IANS (20 October 2019). "BJP to sweep Haryana, Maharashtra: Opinion poll". OnManorama. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  14. ^ "Neck-and-neck fight in Haryana for BJP, Congress, shows India Today exit poll". India Today. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Exit poll results: Pollsters predict big win for BJP in Maharashtra, Haryana". Mint. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  16. ^ a b c PTI (25 October 2019). "Haryana MLAs: 93 per cent newly elected Haryana MLAs are crorepatis: ADR report". The Economic Times. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  17. ^ a b c d Sura, Ajay (25 October 2019). "Haryana Election Result: Dynasts have a field day in Haryana's game of thrones". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  18. ^ Singh, Rashpal (1 May 2017). "Haryana minister goes paperless for daughter's wedding invitations". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  19. ^ "Constituency wise win list". Election Commission of India. p. 6. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  20. ^ "Constituency wise win list". Election Commission of India. p. 7. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  21. ^ Sharma, Supriya (19 October 2012). "Did Congress reward Robert Vadra's associates?". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  22. ^ a b Ghose, Debobrat (25 October 2019). "Haryana Assembly polls: Ex-Dy PM Chaudhary Devi Lal's legacy gets boost after five relatives from different political stripes win seats". Firstpost. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  23. ^ a b "Constituency wise win list". Election Commission of India. p. 3. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  24. ^ a b "Bishnoi castigates Bhajan back stabbers". oneindia.com. 16 September 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  25. ^ Varma, Gyan (25 October 2019). "BJP unsure of taking support of Gopal Kanda in Haryana". Mint. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  26. ^ Venugopal, Vasudha (25 October 2019). "Only 9 women make it to Haryana assembly, 23 in Maharashtra". The Economic Times. Retrieved 13 May 2022.

External links

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